拉丁语 · 2015-02-03
总结
本章主要介绍未完成时和未来时两种时态和 -er 形容词。
未完成体的三种时态、第一第二变位法的未完成体主动语态变位
拉丁语的现在时、未完成时和未来时三种时态合称为未完成体(imperfective aspect)，三者都依照现在时词根变位。现在时直接接续人称词尾，未完成时和未来时则先添加时态标志 -bā- 和 -bi- 再添加人称词尾。第一人称单数未完成时和未来时词尾分别为 -bam 和 -bō (< biō*)，第三人称复数未来时词尾是 -bunt (< bint*)。
仍然以 laudō/laudāre (第一变位法) 和 moneō/monēre (第二变位法) 为例。未完成时：
未来时：
-er 形容词
有一部分第一/二变格法的形容词的阳性形式(第二变格法)是以 -er 结尾的。这其中一部分在变为另外两种形式时 -er 会变成 -r。例子和反例(列出顺序为阳性/阴性/中性)：
词汇
和上一章的 nihil 一样，satis 也是无变格名词，经常接续属格名词，如 satis pecūnia (Eng. enough money)。此外，satis 还能做形容词和副词。
igitur 通常放在句子第一个词的后面。对照英语的 therefore。
后缀 -ne 加在句子的第一个词上构成 yes/no 疑问句。
习题解
Exercitātionēs
Officium līberōs virōs semper vocābat. Eng. Duty always called free men.
Habēbimusne multōs virōs et fēminās magnōrum animōrum? Eng. Will we have many men and women with great courage?
Perīcula bellī nōn sunt parva, sed patria tua tē vocābit et agricolae aiuvābunt. Eng: The dangers of the war is not rare, but your country will call you and the farmers will help.
Propter culpās malōrum patria nostra nōn valēbit. Eng: Because of the fault of the bad people our country will not be strong.
Mora animōs nostrōs superābat et remedium nōn habēbāmus. Eng: Procrastination defeated our courage and we had no remedy.
Multī in agrīs heri manēbant et Rōmānōs iuvābant. Eng: Many stayed in the fields yesterday and helped the Romans.
Paucī virī dē cūrā animī cōgitābant. Eng: Few men were thinking about the care for the soul.
Propter īram in culpā estis et crās peonās dabitis. Eng: Because of your anger now you are to blame and you will pay your penalty tomorrow.
Vērum ōtium nōn habēs, vir stulte! Eng: You don't have true peace, stupid man!
Nihil est sine culpā; sumus bonī, sī paucās habēmus. Eng: Nothing is without fault; we are good if we have few.
Poēta amīcae multās rosās, dōna pulchra et bāsia dabat. Eng: The poet gives his girlfriend many roses, lovely gifts and kisses.
Will war and destruction always remain in our land? Lat: Remanēbuntne bellum et exitium semper in patriā nostrā?
Does money satisfy the greedy man? Lat: Satiatne pecūnia virum avarum?
Therefore, you (sg.) will save the reputation of our foolish boys. Lat: Fāmam igitur puerōrum stultōrum nostrōrum servābis.
// 这句话存疑。不确定 igitur 应置于 fāmam 后(第一个词后)还是 nostrōrum 后(第一个短语后)。
Money and glory were conquering the soul of a good man. Lat: Pecūnia et glōria animum virī bonī superābant.
Sententia Antiquae
Invidiam populī Rōmānī crās nōn sustinēbis. Eng: You will not keep your dislike of Roman people tomorrow.
Perīculumne igitur heri remanēbat? Eng: Does danger remained yesterday then?
Angustus animus pecūniam amat. Eng: Narrow souls love money.
Superā animōs et īram tuam. Eng: Go beyond your pride and ire.
Culpa est mea, Ō amīcī. Eng: Fault is mine, O my friends.
Dā veniam fīliō et fīliābus nostrīs. Eng: Do our son and daughters a favor.
Propter adulēscentiam, fīliī meī, mala vītae nōn vidēbātis. Eng: Because of your young age, my sons, you have not seen bad things of life.
Amābōt tē, cūrā fīliam meam. Eng: Please take care of my daughter.
Vīta hūmāna est supplicium. Eng: Human life is a punishment.
Satisne sānus es? Eng: Are you healthy enough?
Sī quandō satis pecūniae habēbō, tum mē cōnsiliō et philosophiae dabō. Eng: If I ever have enough money, then I will devote myself to wisdom and philosophy.
Semper glōria et fāma tua manēbunt. Eng: Your glory and fame shall remain forever.
Vir bonus et perītus aspera verba poētārum culpābit. Eng: A good and skillful man will blame the harsh words of the poets.
His Only Guest Was a Real Boar!
Nōn cēnat sine aprō noster, Tite, Caeciliānus: bellum convīvam Caeciliānus habet!
Eng: Titus, our Caecilianus does not dine without a boar: Caecilianus has a good guest!
Thermopylae: A Soldier's Humor
“Exercitus noster est magnus,” Persicus inquit, “et propter numerum sagittārum nostrārum caelum nōn vidēbitis!” Tum Lacedaemonius respondet: “In umbrā, igitur, pugnābimus!” Et Leōnidās, rēx Lacedaemoniōrum, exclāmat: “Pugnāte cum animīs, Lacedaemoniī; hodiē apud īnferōs fortasse cēnābimus!”
Eng: “Our army is great,” a Persian says, “and because of the number of our arrows you will not see the sky!” Then a Spartan responds: “Then we shall fight in shadow!” And Leonidas, King of the Spartans, exclaims, “Fight with courage, Spartans; today we will perhaps dine among the dead!”